Number of annual generations: normally, two generations per year.

Damage: damage occurs inside the trunks and branches. Initially damage is caused by adults that bore laying galleries, and subsequently the larvae damage the tree them when they feed on the phloem tissue. They may kill the pine.

Number of annual generations: normally, from 1 to 5 generations a year depending on the weather; in the Mediterranean there are usually three.

Damage: usually attacks weakened trees or dying ones, but when the population is high they may attack healthy ones. They dig galleries under the bark of the tree to feed on the phloem. This gallery construction paralyzes the flow of sap, and can kill the affected tree.

Number of annual generations: normally, one generation a year.

Damage: the damage is caused by the larvae when feeding. First, they feed on the buds, then on the leaves. In times of high population, they can totally defoliate a tree, affecting its growth and the consequent production of fruit.

Number of annual generations: normally, a single generation, with adults appearing from June to August.

Damage: this insect is significant because it may be a vector of the pine nematode. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, responsible for the wilting or the death of the pine.

Number of annual generations: a single generation a year.

Damage: the larvae dig galleries in the trunks and branches of the tree when feeding. The damage to the branches weaken them and they may break in the wind. In general, the galleries affect the quality of the wood, making it unusable commercially. The wounds also facilitate entry of secondary pathogens.

Number of annual generations: this species needs at least two years to complete its biological cycle.

Damage: the larvae make descending galleries at the base of the trunk and roots. These galleries break the conductive tissues affecting the circulation of the sap and weakening the tree. In many cases the affected areas break in the wind. The wood of the tree may also be affected.

Number of annual generations: only one generation a year.

Damage: the damage is caused by the caterpillars that feed on the needles defoliating and weakening the tree, making it more susceptible to attack by other insects or other organisms. Moreover, the caterpillars are covered with urticating hairs that detach and float in the air, which can cause severe irritation and allergic reactions.

Number of annual generations: up to two generations a year, although normally there is only one.

Damage: the larvae feed on the buds and shoots of the pines causing killing or deforming them, and deforming the tree or stulting its growth.

Number of annual generations: one generation a year.

Damage: the larvae cause massive defoliation when feeding reducing the viability of the tree. They also carry urticating hairs that may cause allergic reactions.

Number of annual generations: 3 to 4 generations per year. The species is prolific, and colonies spread very rapidly.

Damage: the most severe damage is caused by the larvae that feed inside the palm tree by making galleries. If the attack affects the apical bud, the palm will die.